Dorset castle ruins revealed to be 'ancient forest' of rare lichens

Corfe Castle in Dorset has been revealed as one of the country's most important sites for lichen, housing 102 varieties among its ruins, including four species described as "rare" and 11 described as "scarce".

Experts have compared it to an ancient forest, and say the castle's location, on a hill on the sunny south coast, away from pollution, has allowed such an unusual collection to grow.

The discovery was made when the National Trust, which owns the monument, began conservation work on the ruined castle as it was becoming dangerous to visitors. The Trust commissioned a survey to analyse the growth.

"Lichen is neither a plant nor animal, but is from the fungi kingdom and is a 'pioneer' species. If you build a wall, lichen will be on it first," said Vince Giavarini, the expert lichenologist who conducted the survey.

"They give us amazing information about the environment and will disappear if conditions change.

"But on Corfe Castle they have had hundreds of years to develop in good, pollution-free conditions.

"Corfe is a fantastic example of what happens when nature is allowed to take over. One of the rare species, Caloplaca granulosa, is only known to grow in one other area in Britain: Lizard in Cornwall.

Corfe Castle was built in the 11th century but destroyed, blown up, in 1646 by Oliver Cromwell's Parliamentarians at the end of the first English Civil War. Its then owner was Sir John Bankes, the Attorney General to Charles I.

"They [the lichens] have been sunbathing since the castle was ruined during the English Civil War and they are probably the only continuous inhabitants of the castle since that time," said Mr Giavarini.

Angela Peters, a National Trust ecologist, said: "Our work at Corfe treats the wildlife associated with it on a par with the historic environment. The lichen survey shows just how important our historic buildings can be as sites for wildlife."

The Corfe Castle finding comes in the same month as the rediscovery, in Herefordshire, of a lichen believed to be extinct in the UK. The golden eye lichen, once common across southern England, was last seen in Cornwall in 1998. Air pollution, fertiliser use and fewer orchards were blamed for it dying out but climate change could explain its reappearance, some scientists say.