Societe Generale claimed it had been the victim of an elaborate deception by an "irrational" trader, reportedly 31-year-old Frenchman Jerome Kerviel, based in the group's Paris office.
The bank, which has not confirmed the trader's identity, said he racked up hefty losses after gambling away billions of pounds on the direction of stock markets in a series of secret transactions.
The near-five billion euro fraud dwarfs the losses involved in the infamous "rogue trader" case in 1995, when Nick Leeson caused the collapse of Barings bank after costing the group around £800 million.
The scale of the loss suffered by Societe Generale appears to have been exaggerated by the extreme volatility seen in financial markets in recent weeks.
Market experts have also suggested the bank's efforts to unravel the trades could have been behind some of the unusually dramatic turbulence seen this week.
Societe Generale described its losses as "colossal", but said the fraud would not bring the bank to its knees.
The group discovered late last week that one of its traders had set up unauthorised and hidden trading positions last year and early this year.
The trader used his knowledge of the group's back office and security systems, gained while in a previous position, according to the bank.
Societe Generale said the trader had confessed to the "exceptional fraud" and was in the process of being dismissed, along with four or five managers.
However, the group said it had rejected chairman and chief executive Daniel Bouton's offer of resignation.
According to the Financial Times, Mr Kerviel was a junior on Societe Generale's futures desk, having joined the bank in 2000.
He reportedly worked for the group's back office function before being promoted two years ago to Societe Generale's Delta One trading desk.
It is understood that Societe Generale is unsure of the trader's current whereabouts and that he has yet to be formerly fired despite confessing to the fraud over the weekend.
Societe Generale said its loss - combined with £1.53 billion in relation to losses and write-downs linked to the US sub-prime mortgage market - will force it into a 5.5 billion euros (£4.1 billion) capital raising to boost its balance sheet.
But Societe Generale stressed it would still make net income for 2007 of between 600 million and 800 million euros (£448m to £597m) despite the fraud.
Societe Generale boss Mr Bouton said he believed the trader was acting alone.
He said: "I don't know the person and his motives are totally irrational.
"It doesn't seem that he was able to benefit from these colossal trades and directly he did not, that is for sure, although investigations will have to be carried out."
The group confirmed that four or five of the trader's managers had resigned after the discovery at the weekend.
Societe Generale said it was just "bad luck" that the fraud was discovered amid this week's market turbulence.
The unauthorised trades may even have returned gains if it had not been for the market losses, according to the group.
Mr Bouton said: "This is just bad luck, it's Murphy's Law. We discovered it at the same time as the markets plummeted.
"US markets went up last night and we were really unlucky, but we had to settle these positions as fast as we could and we did so during the three-day market crisis."
Mr Bouton dismissed similarities between the fall of Barings and its own fraud case.
"The future of the bank's activities has not been affected and as a result there's no macro-economic impact," he said.
The group also claimed that its compliance procedures were not at fault, adding that it had increased its back office workforce by 50% to around 2,000 staff last year.
But original rogue trader Mr Leeson said, speaking on BBC News 24, that he was surprised the banking system was still vulnerable to these scandals.
He said: "What shocked me was the size. I never for one moment thought it would get to this degree of magnitude, this degree of loss."
Investment banking audit expert Sandy Kumar, a partner at accounting giant Grant Thornton, also raised questions over the internal checks in place, which should pick up on any unauthorised trades on a daily basis.
He said: "Most banks have cases where traders have been naughty, but in the majority of cases it is managed internally and kept quiet. It is the sheer scale of this which is unusual."
"It suggested that the independent checks just weren't picking up on the trades," added Mr Kumar.
The Bank of France said there would be an inquiry by the Banking Commission, but declined to comment further.
The case comes less than six months after fellow French bank Credit Agricole unearthed unauthorised trading at its New York subsidiary, which cost the group 250 million euros (£187 million).
Societe Generale was founded more than 140 years ago and is France's second largest bank by market value behind BNP Paribas.
It has a London office employing more than 2,000 staff.
Only this month, the bank was named Equity Derivatives House of the Year by Risk magazine.
Martin Slaney, head of derivatives at GFT Global Markets, said it was "staggering" that 4.9 billion euros worth of losses could be concealed.
"I've certainly never seen anything like this scandal before.
"The market is suspicious that such big trades could be hidden and potentially that there is something more sinister at play."
Shares in Societe Generale dived 6% today on news of the fraud and sub-prime write-downs.
The stock has been under pressure in recent months and analysts are reported to believe that the fraud revelation may weaken its position further making the bank a potential takeover target.
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