Revealed: the inbreeding that ruined the Hapsburgs
Dynasty that dominated Europe for more than 500 years was undone by incest, study finds
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Independent Minds
The Hapsburg dynasty was one of the most important and influential royal families in Europe dating back more than 500 years and producing rulers in Austria, Hungary, Belgium, the Netherlands and the German empire. Then, in 1700, it suffered a sudden demise of its Spanish branch. Now scientists believe they have come up with a definitive explanation.
A study of the extended family tree of the House of Hapsburg has found that
the last Spanish Hapsburg king, Charles II, was the offspring of a marriage
that was almost as genetically inbred as an incestuous relationship between
a brother and sister or parent and child.
Scientists have found that the Hapsburg fashion of marrying their relatives to keep their dynastic heritage intact had dire consequences for subsequent generations, which culminated in the last heir to the Spanish throne being sickly and impotent.
Charles II of Spain was nicknamed El Hechizado – The Hexed – because people at the time thought that his physical and mental disabilities were the result of sorcery. Now a study into the genetics of his immediate ancestors has found that he was so inbred that he probably suffered from at least two inherited disorders.
Despite his deformities and severe health problems, Charles had married twice in the hope of continuing the rule of the Hapsburgs, but he was incapable of fathering an heir and died childless at the age of 39. He was the last of a long line of Hapsburgs and it spelled the end for the Spanish branch of the dynasty.
Scientists believe they can show just how inbred Charles was following a study of more than 3,000 relatives of the Hapsburg family extending over 16 generations. The researchers found that his "inbreeding coefficient" – a measure of the proportion of inbred genes he had inherited from his parents – was on a par with that of the offspring of an incestuous marriage.
Professor Gonzalo Alvarez, of the University of Santiago de Compostela in Spain, found that the Hapsburgs suffered a far higher child mortality than the general population, even though the family was immensely wealthy and did not experience the poverty related health problems faced by many people at the time.
They also suffered a higher incidence of physical deformities, which were best exemplified by the famous "Hapsburg lip", a disfiguringly prominent lower jaw caused by an inherited medical condition called mandibular prognathism, when the lower jaw grows faster than the upper jaw.
Charles II not only suffered an extreme version of the Hapsburg lip, his tongue was said to be so big for his mouth that he had difficulty speaking and drooled. He also suffered from an oversized head, intestinal upsets, convulsions and, according to his first wife, premature ejaculation.
"He was unable to speak until the age of four, and could not walk until the age of eight. He was short, weak and quite lean and thin. He was described as a person showing very little interest in his surroundings," Professor Alvarez said. "He looked like an old person when he was 30 years old, suffering edemas [swellings] on his feet, legs, abdomen and face. During the last years of his life he could barely stand up and suffered from hallucinations and convulsive episodes," he said.
The medical problems of Charles II of Spain were not the random consequences of life, but the direct result of many generations of interbreeding between close relatives within the extended Hapsburg dynasty, according to the study published in the online journal Plos One.
The motto of the Hapsburg dynasty – "Let others wage wars, but you, happy Austria, shall marry" – extolled the tendency of family members to marry within their ranks. Charles' father, Philip IV, was the uncle of his mother, Mariana of Austria; his great-grandfather, Philip II, was also the uncle of his great-grandmother, Anna of Austria; and his grandmother, Maria Anna of Austria, was simultaneously his aunt.
There were many marriages between first and third cousins within the Hapsburg family, as well as between uncles and nieces and more remote family members.
This meant that down the generations, with no let up on the amount of intermarriage, the degree of genetic inbreeding gradually built up. The founder of the Spanish dynasty, Philip I, is calculated to have an inbreeding coefficient of 0.025, which meant that just 2.5 per cent of his genes were likely to be identical by common descent. But 200 years and seven generations later, the coefficient had leapt ten-fold to 0.25 in the genome of Charles II, meaning up to one in four of his genes might have been identical.
The medical dangers of such a high level of inbreeding is that dangerously defective genes, which are usually recessive, can come together in one individual and so manifest themselves as an ailment. This is why the offspring of first-cousin marriages are at higher risk of inherited disorders.
Professor Alvarez and his colleagues believe that Charles II suffered the consequences of a high level of marriage between biological relatives. Nine of the 11 marriages over 200 years that preceded his birth were consanguineous, including two uncle-niece marriages and two first-cousin marriages.
Professor Alvarez suggested that Charles II had inherited genes that caused two genetic disorders. One was a hormone imbalance called pituitary hormone deficiency, which would have affected his growth and development, and the other was a kidney problem that led to a metabolic disorder which caused impotence and infertility. "His muscular weakness at a young age, rickets, haematuria [blood in the urine] and big head relative to his body size could be attributed to this genetic disorder," he said. "In this way, we may speculate that most of the symptoms showed by Charles II could be explained by two genetic disorders."
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Comments
Their offsprings' deformities _as results of the inbreeding_ demonstrates that no one can
[against the laws of evolution and nature in general] preserve something
which meant to be circulate or cycle as per universal law, or law of life.
In other words, ultimately they lacked true wisdom, were
embedded in their own self-endowed greatness, which is a cause for pity
for the outside observer. Furthermore, it is the irony of history
that such self-centered dynasties were able to cause so much misery and calamity
throughout history.
Thanks for the inclusive article,
Paul Katona,
Palmdale, CA USA
Olivia Leigh's novel "The Cretin Wore a Crown" describes Carlos II as "a victim of incest and ignorance". It was written in 1966.
Margaret Irwin, in "Elizabeth and the Prince of Spain" (1953) makes a similar point about Don Carlos, son of Philip II.
I wonder what that means for the rest of the paper, is he as inaccurate with that?
Not really. The early popes were princely members of Italian aristocracy themselves. They kept
mistresses though, and some of today's so-called "black aristocracy", are descendants of (I loathe
to use the term)..illegitimate children of these popes. But since the concubines of that period were
not from the papal families, it wasn't likely that the children suffered from genetic disorders.
The Borgias and the Medicis prominently stod out.
The best education money can buy, presumably the best private tutors available and what does our man William achieve? Was it a second class degree in geography? Wasn't Harry caught cheating in his art course?
I know people from the backstreets, born into poverty, from a culture of work (as opposed to education) who went to uni to break the mould and achieved first class degrees in philosophy, engineering, maths, etc.
And the royals consider themselves elite?
Whenever I hear most royals speak, I shudder - the sound is usually somewhere between a sneer and a choke, as if the very act of speaking hurts them and the content is usually totally vacuous. Did anyone else actually hear the exchange between the Obamas and the British Royals recently aired as they met for G20? Play it back, turn the volume up and listen to what's being said - Obama sounds like an intelligent statesman and then you hear the queen asking whether they have had a nice flight (to which it sounds like Obama gives his agenda); she starts carking on about "breakfast, must have breakfast. Have you had breakfast?", then when they pose for the cams, you hear her uttering, "Same, always the same. Always same" as if she's surprised about being photographed meeting the president of the US.
My batty, senile old Irish grandmother made as much sense and she was as mad as a hatter.
The Royals are, at best, sub-average, always have been, always will be. Name ONE monarch renowned for his / her intelligence or in fact renowned for ANY skill at all. I'm thinking back to William the Bastard and I can't think of any one of them who stands out. I guess when you are born with a silver spoon, you really don't have to try very hard in life.
As for inbreeding, the ancient Egyptians knew all about this - just take a look at the shape of Ankhenaton's noggin.
Anyway, silly twist really of so-called modern research, with pedants taking anywhere between 5 and 10 years to demonstrate that victims of childhood trauma tend to replicate the scheme that has plagued your childhood or that very rich people will worry less about the next meal than poor chaps.
to marry into the bourgeousie, or upper middle class. The Norwegian, Danish, Dutch and Spanish
princes did just that. But the best thing is that they married for love. Your own Prince William seems
to think so, too, and that fact is very helpful in ensuring that the future royal generation will be a
healthy one.
And, lest one be accused of sexism and gender stereotyping, one might add "And the occasional good strong peasant BOY would also do wonders for the strength of the stock" :o)
One need not even have to depend on scientists to point it out. Just a stroll along a gallery of
any Museum of Art History would convince anyone.
isolated through mountains such as the Alps, or elsewhere, the common folk also intermarried, with
the same purpose of "keeping the land" in the family. And because of the geographical isolation, there was no chance, or little, for young people to meet other eligible partners from different regions.
Francisco Goya's later portraitures of the Spanish family showed precisely that what his discerning
painter's eye hadn't overlooked!
Intermarriage with a brother sister simply reinforces what is there: presumably with the Ptolemaic dynasty, the Lagid family, the weak were simply weeded out prior to their rise to the purple around 309BC. In the very rough and violent conditions of early Macdonian history there would have been no room for either a mental, or physical, weakling. And they also exposed weak infants as a matter of course.
Cleopatria VII was brilliant and we know all her ancestors save her probable mother.
It would be interesting to do some genetic studies on some UK communities to establish the levels of inbreeding but I have the feeling that someone will politicise this so the information will not become available.
purpose of keeping land within the family, and that because of earlier geographical isolation when
travel was difficult and afforded only by the wealthy, villagers had no opportunity to meet eligible partners outside their community, resulting in the proverbial "village idiot".