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The weather was surely a negative. “Visibility: heavy driving wind and rain during parts of day and night. Roads: very muddy,” said the official bulletin. But otherwise the outlook for the assault on a huge triangle of enemy territory called the Saint-Mihiel salient, between Verdun and Nancy, looked promising.
It wasn’t just that the German forces which had held the land for nearly all of the war had started a retreat the day before. There was also the pent-up energy of the soldiers waiting to go over the top. This was 12 September 1918, and about to unfold was the first independent offensive of the First World War by the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) of General John Pershing. Morale was as high as German morale was low.
For the Allies, it was a moment that had been a long time coming. The United States had declared war on Germany in April 1917, but the logistics of sending more than a million men over the Atlantic had been daunting, and General Pershing, given command of the AEF by President Woodrow Wilson, wanted them properly trained before seeing battle.
While American soldiers had joined some actions in the summer of 1918 (notably at Château-Thierry and in the Second Battle of the Marne), General Pershing had resisted making his “doughboys” available to fill holes in British and French ranks.
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new galleryShow all 71 1 /71First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Dogs wearing gas masks Two German soldiers lie in anticipation of Allied forces with their dogs. In a trench inside of North Germany, German forces are prepared for a dangerous poison gas attack. Both soldiers and dogs don state-of-the-art gas masks in this image.
© Bettmann/CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Soldiers removing lice In the well-constructed German trenches, a small group of soldiers attempt to remove the lice from their uniforms. Lice were a very common problem in the dank conditions present in the trenches during WW1.
© Bettmann/CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery An aerial dogfight An aerial dogfight between at least 5 planes can be observed here. Dogfighting was the main method of attack between aircraft because the developments in aerial technology made it increasingly difficult to drop projectiles onto another plane. This dogfight took place over the Western Front, most likely near to France or Britain.
© Bettmann/CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery The winged surveyor A pigeon armed with a camera for aerial surveillance over France, about 1915
© adoc-photos/Corbis
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Bayonet practice A British Sergeant Major displays how to effectively utilise a bayonet in a training demonstration. This fighting instruction was necessary for most soldiers-to-be since this would have been their first experience of conflict.
© CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Washed-up submarines A pair of German U-boats, both which had been sunk during the war, washed up within mere feet of each other on the Cornish coastline, near to Falmouth.
© CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Dog has his paw bandaged by soldier A dog working for the Red Cross charity hospital service has his injured paw bandaged by an Allied soldier. The Red Cross organisation provided health care for thousands of soldiers, helping to reduce the monumental WW1 death toll.
© Harriet Chalmers Adams/National Geographic Society/Corbis
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Austrian aircraft dives A view from below of an early Austrian aircraft. This fighter plane heavily resembles a bird, indicating the immediate progression of aircraft and displaying how new and revolutionary they were at the time.
© Brown &Amp Dawson/National Geographic Society/Corbis
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Soldier holds owl in a trench A French member of the 92nd Infantry Regiment holds an Eagle Owl in a trench. The use of animals during the First World War was still evident as all involved nations struggled to immediately adapt to the more modern type of warfare. Horses were still used in cavalry charges, despite being mercilessly mowed down by machine guns as old methods met new technology.
© adoc-photos/Corbis
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Plane attacks tank Although aircraft were not initially believed to be an effective offensive strategy in the theatre of war, this plane shoots at an operational tank, causing it to burst into smoke and flames.
© Bettmann/CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Soldiers being given flowers Women dressed all in white giving soldiers flowers. These soldiers are marching through London on a final parade before they head to war.
© Bettmann/CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Half-submerged tank Despite being created for the traversal of boggy, war-torn farmlands typical of the First World War, this tank is returned to nature as it is submerged into the earth.
© Bettmann/CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Escape from a submarine A group of navy men abandon ship; escaping miraculously from a sinking submarine using one of the ship's boats. A further man is pictured to be clambering down a suspended rope to make his exit.
© Bettmann/CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Italian soldiers climb with skis A troop of Italian soldiers clamber up a snow-covered slope, shouldering skis and other snow-proof equipment. This scenario presents an alternative viewpoint of the First World War, showing that the theatre of war consisted of more than just boggy grassland.
© Comando Supremo, Italian Army/National Geographic Society/Corbis
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Naval fitness training Young navy recruits undergo fitness training. This was a rigorous procedure to select the fittest recruits, and also to make all other recruits fitter; ready for naval service.
© United States Navy Department/National Geographic Society/Corbis
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Poison gas and Fire A bird's eye view of Flanders, Belgium shows the devastation wrought by a combined poison gas and flame attack on the German trench. This offensive was orchestrated by the French forces.
© CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery US navy convoy sails Atlantic A convoy of US ships patrols the Atlantic Ocean. Their risk - and the danger they posed in turn - is in contrast to the serene beauty of sunlight rays piercing the cloud.
© Burnell Poole/National Geographic Society/Corbis
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Soldiers venture into ruined town A small company of soldiers travel into the occupied town of Cambrai, which lies in ruins. Rubble and debris line the streets, whilst glass no longer fills the windows. Smoke and dust from the destruction and ongoing fighting creates a dense camouflage preventing the soldiers from seeing very far, or being seen.
© Bettmann/CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Italian bomber plane in New York An early Italian bomber plane flies by the Woolworth building in New York. The image here has been damaged and has aged significantly, as can be observed by the quality of the paper on which the photograph is printed.
© Edwin Levick/National Geographic Society/Corbis
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery A crowd of German POWs In mid 1918, towards the climax of the so-called 'Great War', a large crowd containing many German Prisoners Of War (POWs) , captured by the British forces throughout the 4-year period, is photographed. It is reported that many thousands of German soldiers were captured during the conflict.
© Underwood & Underwood/Corbis
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Tanks fail to cross the trenches Multiple tanks, these being made by Renault, have been defeated by the trenches. The two tanks most prominent in the image are tilted onto their noses, after failing to successfully cross a trench line and therefore upending into the trenches, only to be abandoned.
© adoc-photos/Corbis
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery USS New Hampshire fires The navy ship USS New Hampshire fires a large weapon at an opposing vessel. These navy ships were heavily equipped with well-developed weaponry capable of easily sinking faraway vessels.
© Underwood &Amp Underwood/National Geographic Society/Corbis
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Navy cooking training Young recruits from the United States Navy are trained to cook and create dishes in preparation for life on deck. Long lasting and resilient foods are prepared in order to save time, space and resources on long voyages.
© United States Navy Department/National Geographic Society/Corbis
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Biplane dropping bomb by hand A German biplane drops a light bomb by hand. In the early years of the First World War, technology was not developed enough to implement automatic bomb delivery systems.
© Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery US enlist recruitment poster This American recruitment poster implores US citizens to sign up for the US armed forces to fight against the 'Mad Brute' of Germany. Powerful propaganda was not uncommon during the First World War period; it was rather used to influence, shape and measure public opinion.
© Heritage Images/Corbis
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery German forces escape poison gas A German storm trooper unit emerges from a large, dense cloud of poison gas. This particular gas cloud was set down by the German army to provide cover for their own forces.
© Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Sailors battle a fire on deck A fire on an operational vessel is being fought by the sailors on board. This damage caused by a torpedo missile or another ship in battle has caused the ship to rock, or tilt to one side as depicted by the excess wake on the boat's starboard (right) side.
© Underwood And Underwood/National Geographic Society/Corbis
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Shot down French aircraft A French plane shot down by a German biplane during the Battle of Verdun. A long trail of smoke indicates the combustibility of the materials that early planes were fashioned from; such as taut leather. The often jagged and irregular lines on the ground below are the trench lines; scars on the earth of which some still remain today.
© adoc-photos/Corbis
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery An aerial camera in use The co-pilot of a plane with an Aeroplane Graflex camera during the First World War
© CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery HMS Cornwallis in action A member of the British Navy; HMS Cornwallis was engaged in the Gallipoli offensive and can be seen to be firing onto the shore in this image.
© Bettmann/CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery War and technology A pre-WW1 invention, a mono-plane flies overhead as a steam train travels below. This combination of differing transport mediums provides an indication of the early technological developments as WW1 began.
© O.S. Nock; Milepost 92 ½/CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery French-Canadian army recruitment poster An army recruitment poster. The text roughly translates to; 'sign up for the victory loan'. It appeals to those living in Canada to sign up to help fight with the Allied forces.
© Swim Ink 2, LLC/CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery USS New York on duty The battleship class vessel; USS New York is bathed in salt water on duty. Battleships were one of the highest class of naval vessel, and renowned for their size and destructive ability.
© James B. Gilmer/National Geographic Society/Corbis
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Soldiers taking shelter on a slope A combination of British and French troops came together during the offensive on the Gallipoli Peninsula to defeat Turkish forces protecting the area. They are making the most of the mountainous terrain to shield their position.
© Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Women working in a shell factory A look inside one small part of a munitions factory. The two women shown working here are engaged in crafting operational shells to drop on the German trench line in an attempt to break the stalemate.
© Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery US navy sailors practice shooting A team of US Navy sailors practice operating a large gun attached to a boat in New York harbour. Due to the motion of vessels in tidal waters, practice was necessary to ensure accuracy on the ocean.
© Bettmann/CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery British forces await artillery British forces, known as 'Tommies' to most other forces, await the arrival of a heavy artillery unit. When fully operational, this would likely be used to suppress German attack and to thin the numbers to prepare for a British offense.
© adoc-photos/Corbis
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Naval airship before duty This particular Airship was used for naval observations during the aerial shelling of the Dardanelles region in Turkey. Many like it were used during the disastrous Gallipoli campaign in Turkey.
© Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery A sea patrol with multiple vehicles A collective patrol including a number of planes and vessels navigate the seas, as well as maintaining a vigilant watch to protect their convoy and to weaken opposition forces.
© Jane Watts Fisher/National Geographic Society/Corbis
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery A British machine gun unit Two British machine gunners operate a machine gun whilst taking cover in a trench. They are wearing gas masks to protect against potential poison gas attack. Machine guns were responsible for many thousands of casualties throughout the war and often devastated counter attacks.
© Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Making shells in a munitions plant Workers in a munitions plant manufacture steel shells which will later be dropped in their thousands on German trench lines. Surprisingly, a large proportion of the shells offloaded during the First World War didn't explode; and some are still dangerous today.
© Press Illustrating Service/National Geographic Society/Corbis
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery German plane crashes A German biplane crash lands near to a French airport during the war. This close-up shot of a WW1 plane shows how flimsy they were, usually built from leather and taut fabrics rather than metal alloys.
© CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery American navy recruitment poster A further US recruitment poster; this time focusing on the Naval forces in an attempt to fill out the navy to aid the fight against the German U-boats.
© K.J. Historical/Corbis
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery A line of willing army recruits At one of many British recruiting offices, a large queue of British men line up with the correct documents to pledge their allegiance and services to the British army to fight against the German, Austro-Hungarian and Turkish Empires.
© Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Mortar cannon firing In the infamous Somme region of France, a French 270 millimetre mortar cannon bombards the German trenches, inspiring terror, destruction and lowering enemy morale. A crane needs to be used to transport the large ammunition rounds to feed this beast.
© Bettmann/CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Munitions advertisement poster A poster to encourage enrolment for the position of munitions workers to craft shells and other weapons. Women in particular were relied on due to the apparent shortage of men because of the later introduced conscription into the army.
© Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Takeoff from a ship In an impressive feat of piloting prowess, a British biplane takes off using a makeshift runway, supported by two large guns of an aircraft carrier. This aircraft was most likely a scouting plane, as can be deduced from the apparent lack of visible weaponry.
© Bettmann/CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery The Gallipoli landing A variety of troops from all different Allied forces were involved in the Gallipoli landing pictured. Orchestrated by future wartime PM Winston Churchill, this operation was a complete failure, particularly for the British. The harsh terrain shown was very different to that of the flat plains of France.
© Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Tank travels over a trench A British tank, typical of the latter years of WW1, maneuvers its way over a trench system during the Battle of Cambrai. Also known as 'Landships', these armoured vehicles were designed to traverse the boggy terrain of the French war-torn countryside.
© Underwood & Underwood/Underwood & Underwood/Corbis
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Aircraft mechanic recruitment poster A Canadian recruitment poster, pining for 'skilled mechanics' to repair damaged aircraft or to manufacture new planes. The need for aircraft mechanics became increasingly apparent as the role of aircraft in the war grew exponentially.
© David Pollack/Corbis
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery 031_rocketmortar.jpg A French soldier uses a mortar cannon to launch a torpedo rocket. Just one of the many forms of artillery, these mortar cannons were often accompanied by barrages of highly explosive shells.
© Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Tank tangled in barbed wire A First World War tank becomes entangled within a mangled heap of barbed wire on the battlefield. Barbed wire was utilised very heavily throughout WW1, and was designed to become increasingly more difficult to get through when shelled or affected by explosives of any sort.
© Bettmann/CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Torpedoed boat sinking The Covington is sunk after being torpedoed. This US troop transport vessel was hit during June, 1918.
© Bettmann/CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Camouflaged soldiers American forces hide out in a trench, behind a line of crude yet effective camouflage fashioned out of branches, twigs and leaves. This trench line may be considered to be more poorly built than other trenches, since this is a front-line trench, which would have been built in less time, under pressure from the opposition.
© CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery An eloquent German trench A number of German soldiers occupy an elaborately constructed German trench system on the Western Front. Unlike some other, more hastily built trench systems, this has structurally sound and aesthetically pleasing walls and floors, which also improve the levels of sanitation and morale for those living and fighting in these trenches.
© Bettmann/CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Aftermath of the war Aftermath: This street corner in Poelcapelle, Belgium is left with little more than a heavily damaged tank, and scorched, dead remnants of trees. Unfortunately this image is representative of much of the French and Belgian landscape after the First World War.
© CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Troops go 'over the top' A company of Allied Canadian soldiers go 'over the top', leaving the comparative safety of their trenches to advance into the perilous wasteland of 'No-Man's-Land' in an attempt to oust enemy forces to reclaim lost ground.
© Bettmann/CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Recruitment poster for manufacturing positions A First World War recruitment poster advertises the need for more aircraft, and therefore more workers in the manufacturing industries. Women are targeted specifically here due the general shortage in men because of the conscription causing the majority of men to be forced to join the army.
© Heritage Images/Corbis
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery British tank in action Somewhere in war-stricken France, 1916, a British tank advances into enemy territory, heading an offensive to gain vital ground in this War of Attrition.
© Bettmann/CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery British lookout A British soldier finds himself close to enemy lines. Hiding in the trenches and keeping his head low to avoid attracting unwanted attention, he cautiously scouts No-Man's-Land for any indication of enemy activity.
© Bettmann/CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery American submarine on operation An American submarine undergoing operations in the open sea. Submarine vessels were used primarily to counter the effect of Germany's powerful navy, which was nearly equal in size to that of the world-renowned British naval force by the eve of WW1. Submarines sank battleship class vessels using torpedo missiles.
© Lebrecht/Lebrecht Music & Arts/Corbis
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Upturned German plane A German biplane is brought down just behind American lines, where it crashes and stands on its central propeller. Instead of bursting into flames when it crashed, this biplane remains fairly intact.
© CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Navy recruitment poster A poster recruits men to join the naval forces; specifically in the signals branch, using coding techniques and Morse code to transfer information.
© Heritage Images/Corbis
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Abandoned tank Nothing left in the tank: This armoured vehicle was abandoned by its operators after it ran out of fuel. This presents yet another problem with these machines.
© CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Field Cannon use A French "37" Field cannon is mounted on a parapet ready for use against advancing forces in a second-line trench. This weapon is able to boast a range of over a mile, as well as an impressive accuracy rating of greater than that of the typical WW1 rifle.
© CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery A submarine surfaces A German U-boat submarine surfaces, emerging from the rough ocean waters in the open sea.
© CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Inside view of a tank A rare look inside of a US tank with its hatches open. Both the gunner and skipper of this so-called 'Whippet tank' are present to indicate the less than spacious conditions inside.
© CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Recreational activities A group of officers play cards on the balcony of a Red Cross hospital in London. This unexpected portrayal of a war-time scene displays the home front, which is often omitted from war-time representations.
© CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Intact British tank A British tank from the First World War is pictured fully intact before entering the scene of battle. When initially introduced, these machines struck fear into the hearts of their opposition.
© Bettmann/CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery The two-man tank A front-on view of aptly named two-man tank designed by Ford Motor Company. When operational, this may have been what terrified German soldiers would have seen.
© CORBIS
First World War in images: Hidden and extraordinary - a brand new gallery Liquid fire offensive A view from behind the French trench position shows an effective use of liquid fire; a technique intended to wipe out, or at least scare off opposition forces aiming to launch an offensive against the front-line trench.
© CORBIS
This was the day America would at last be asked to prove its mettle in its own right. Wire-cutting crews were sent out before dawn to tackle the barbed wire. When the gloomy day broke, Pershing’s strategy of isolating the remaining Germans pincer-fashion, liberating villages one by one and retaking territory that for years had blocked train routes east from France, was put into violent, deafening motion.
Half a million men took part, in seven divisions, making it the single largest military undertaking in America’s still young history. Roughly a million shells were fired on German positions in the first four hours. As the foot soldiers and tank formations made gradual advances, teams of horses dragged the heavy guns through the mud to take the barrage forward. But while progress over nearly four days of battle was faster than even General Pershing had hoped, the cost in life, limbs and blood, on both sides, was terrible.
American soldiers of the 18th Infantry Machine Gun Battalion advance through the ruins of St Baussant on their way to the St. Mihiel Front (Getty) One young soldier, Lieutenant Maury Maverick from Texas, who was later elected to Congress (and who would invent the word “gobbledygook” to describe the jargon he encountered there), contrasted his own fortunes on the battlefield with those of some of his fellow soldiers. “A shell burst above my head. It tore out a piece of my shoulder blade and collarbone and knocked me down. It was a terrific blow, but I was not unconscious. I think it was the bursting of the shell, the air concussion, which knocked me down, and not the shell itself. It was not five seconds, it seemed, before a Medical Corps man was dressing my wounds.
“As he lifted me from the ground, I looked at my four runners, and I saw that the two in the middle had been cut down to a pile of horrid red guts and blood and meat, while the two men on the outside had been cut up somewhat less badly, but no less fatally. It reminded me of nothing I had ever seen before, except a Christmas hog butchering back on the Texas farm.”
The successful retaking of the Saint-Mihiel wedge would prove a crucial step towards the final Allied advance that would bring the war to a close. By 16 September it was done. As many as 13,000 German soldiers were taken prisoner. Roughly 7,000 Allied soldiers had been killed or wounded, along with 5,000 casualties for the Germans. General Pershing and his men were quickly deployed further south on the Western Front for the Meuse-Argonne offensive (from 26 September to 11 November) – but not before a chance meeting in the midst of the battle for Saint-Mihiel between two young American officers with fast-growing reputations. One was a 32-year-old Lieutenant-Colonel, the other a 38-year-old Brigadier-General. They were George Patton and Douglas MacArthur, respectively: men whose places in history would not be set until the Second World War, into which the US was also to be belatedly dragged.
A group of captured Germans being marched through St Mihiel Salient (Getty) Accounts of what transpired at that meeting differ, beyond the fact that they talked, under shellfire. Perhaps more revealing – both about the character of a future military celebrity and about what it felt like to be at Saint-Mihiel – is a letter that Lt-Col Patton sent to his father, back in America, after the battle.
In this, Patton stuck only to the subject of combat. “When the shelling first started I had some doubts about the advisability of sticking my head over the parapet, but it is just like taking a cold bath, once you get in, it is all right,” he offered. “This is a very egotistical letter but intersting [sic] as it shows that vanity is stronger than fear and that in war as now waged there is little of the element of fear, it is too well organised and too stupendous.”
Tomorrow: The death of Wilfred Owen
The '100 Moments' already published can be seen at: independent.co.uk/greatwar
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