The move comes amid escalating domestic tensions over migration, with nationalist opposition parties criticising the Polish government's handling of migrants returned from Germany.
Prime Minister Donald Tusk said that the reintroduction of controls is necessary to reduce uncontrolled migrant flows across the Polish-German border.
Poland joins a growing number of European Union nations reinstating checks, including Germany, which extended its own temporary border controls in February.
Germany's Chancellor Friedrich Merz indicated a shared problem with Poland regarding migration, emphasising the need to preserve the Schengen open border scheme from abuse by smugglers.