Trump cited India's military and energy ties with Russia, alongside its protectionist trade policies, as reasons for the impending tariffs.
New Delhi and Washington are scheduled to resume trade negotiations next month, with India hoping to finalise a deal by September or October to boost bilateral trade to $500bn by 2030.
An Indian government official described the potential steep tariffs as a "worst-case scenario" but expressed confidence that a trade deal would soon be reached.
India has offered to reduce tariffs on various US goods and ease non-tariff barriers, though it considers its agriculture and dairy sectors "no-go" areas for negotiations.