The 25-year-old cleared an impressive 6m 30cm, captivating the 55,000-strong crowd with his dramatic third and final attempt.
This victory marks Duplantis's third world title, to add to his two Olympic golds, solidifying his unparalleled dominance in the sport.
Emmanouil Karalis of Greece earned the silver medal by clearing six metres, while Australia's Kurtis Marschall took bronze.
Duplantis's record-breaking jump was 30 centimetres higher than any other competitor, further cementing his status as the greatest pole vaulter in history.