Six recruitment firms who formed a cartel to fix prices and freeze out competition have been hit with fines totalling £39.3m by the Office of Fair Trading.
The companies blocked a new competitor from supplying labour to building firms and also set fee rates to charge certain builders, the OFT found.
They agreed to boycott a new company, Parc, which entered the market in 2003 as an "intermediary" supplying workers to construction firms from several recruitment firms.
This hit the recruiters' margins and they formed a cartel to tackle Parc - known as the Construction Recruitment Forum - which met five times between 2004 and 2006.
The firms punished were Hays Specialist Recruitment, A Warwick Associates, CDI AndersElite, Eden Brown, Fusion People and Henry Recruitment.
Hays suffered the biggest fine - £30.4m - but two whistleblowers who approached the watchdog, Hill McGlynn and Beresford Blake Thomas, were spared any penalty.
The OFT's action comes a week after it imposed fines totalling £129.5m on 103 construction firms for bid-rigging activities.
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