Hillsborough trial: Risk of deadly crush was ‘obvious’ before disaster, court hears
Prosecutors say hindsight not necessary to identify failings in crowd management after 1981 crush
The risk of Liverpool fans being crushed to death at Hillsborough was “obvious” long before the start of the 1989 FA Cup semi-final in which 96 people died, a court has heard.
A prosecutor at the trial of Hillsborough match commander David Duckenfield told Preston Crown Court that the danger was shown by a series of previous overcrowding incidents, and made worse by the failings Mr Duckenfield and Sheffield Wednesday club secretary Graham Mackrell.
“There was an obvious, serious and very present risk of death from crushing to those entering the Leppings Lane area of the stadium,” Richard Matthews QC told the jury on Wednesday.
“It involves no hindsight to recognise that if there is a need to prevent too many people from entering a particular wholly confined area, bounded by metal fencing, that is to avoid crushing and that with crushing comes the real risk of death.”
The court was played footage of the hours and minutes leading up to the disaster on 15 April 1989.
The footage showed a crush developing outside the turnstiles in Leppings Lane as Liverpool fans tried to enter the stadium in time for the 3pm kick-off.
The fenced pens behind the goal, where the disaster would unfold minutes later, were already full but prosecutors said police “did nothing” to stop more spectators from flooding in.
The court heard that lives were saved in a crush at Hillsborough stadium eight years before the disaster because gates at the front of pens three and four were opened as an escape route.
A jury deciding whether match commander David Duckenfield was responsible for the deaths of 95 victims was told police vowed to “learn lessons” from the averted tragedy in 1981.
A letter from South Yorkshire Police to the chairman of Sheffield Wednesday in June 1981 said “letting spectators onto the track was not only necessary, but was vital to avoid further serious injuries and possibly save life ... the searching examination should be in regard to why such emergency action was ever necessary”.
Police officers on duty in the 1988 FA Cup semi-final match, also played between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest at Hillsborough, said a tunnel leading to pens three and four was closed off by officers to prevent overcrowding.
But a year later, the tunnel into the pens remained open and the escape gates shut, as 96 people suffered fatal injuries.
The court also heard that Hillsborough stadium’s safety certificate had not been updated since 1979, despite changes to the layout including new fences splitting the West Terrace into pens.
An expert witness is to tell the jury that Sheffield Wednesday’s designated safe capacity for the fenced areas had been “overstated from the outset”, by thousands.
Mr Matthews said the 23 turnstiles designated to 24,000 Liverpool fans entering the stadium from Leppings Lane were not enough for them to enter safely in the time given.
He told the jury that a plan drawn up before the match made clear that 10,100 people passing through turnstiles A to G would immediately be faced with the central tunnel leading to pens three and four.
It was marked “standing” with a large sign above, and although two other tunnels to the left and right led to the terrace, the signage was too small to be seen.
Mr Matthews said that to carry out reasonable care as match commander, Mr Duckenfield should have identified the “obvious hazard” posed by the layout.
He added that an electronic counting system on the turnstiles showed that half an hour before the match, only 40 per cent of Liverpool supporters had entered the stadium but the kick-off was not delayed.
The court heard that the turnstile system had been installed “primarily to deter fraud, rather than for safety”.
Mr Duckenfield, now 74, denies gross negligence manslaughter and Mr Mackrell, 69, denies two health and safety offences.
Ninety-four of the 96 victims died on the day of the disaster, while Lee Nicol passed away as a result of his injuries two days later.
There can be no prosecution over the death of the 96th victim, Tony Bland, as he died more than a year and a day after his injuries were caused.
The trial continues.
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The jury to be taken through a 3D model of Hillsborough stadium as it stood on the day of the disaster, after a short morning break. The hearing will resume in around 20 minutes.
The hearing has resumed and Mr Matthews is moving the jury through a 3D model of the Leppings Lane end of the ground.
It shows an alternative entrance to the standing area to the tunnel where victims flowed down before being crushed. It is far to the right of the tunnel and a small "standing" sign was too small to be seen from the turnstiles.
Mr Matthews is now moving down the tunnel, showing it open into stands split by a fence into pens 3 and 4. From the very top, an open gate between pens 3 and 2 can be seen to the right.
The model shows the pens sat below pitch level, with a concrete wall going into high fencing.
Mr Matthews is taking the jury througyh a model of inside the police control box, showing the view of pens 3 and 4 through a window and camera monitors ranged above.
The jury is being taken around the North West Terrace and different standing pens. Pen 6, entered from a tunnel to the left of the one used by Hillsborough victims, was linked to pen 7.
Mr Matthews is taking the jury through South Yorkshire Police's "F Division operational order", which identified arrangements, personnel, broad duties and assigned officers to positions of responsibility for policing of the match at Hillsborough
It contains 22 appendices and said gates for the match would open at 12. It detailed plans for where fans of Liverpool and Nottingham Forest would enter the stadium and be accomodated.
Section 2 was headed, “INTENTION”, and stated:
“It is the intention of the Police to allow this match to take place and to ensure public order and safety both inside and outside the football ground, to segregate and control opposing fans and prevent unnecessary obstruction of the highway and damage to property. This will be attained and displayed with a high standard of smartness and professionalism.”
A section headlined "Method" said: "Chief Superintendent Duckenfield will be in overall command of this event.”
Operations were divided into phase 1, 2 and 3 for before, during and after the match. It was also divided into three sectors of the stadium. Supt Marshall was charged with section 2, for Liverpool supporters, and Supt Greenwood was in charge of Sheffield Wednesday football stadium.
The document includes a breakdown of senior officers and their responsiblities.
Mr Matthews says the jury will hear evidence from Inspector Sewell, who was a liason office between police and Sheffield Wednesday FC. He says his memories may have been "coloured by events that have happened since".
The jury is being shown plans for sub-sector 1, including 20 named police officers, who were to stand on the track facing the crowd before kick-off, half-time, full-time and during "crowd unrest".
It says the gates at the bottom of the pens "must remain bolted at all times except when in use. no one is to be allowed access to the track from the terraces without the consent of a senior officer (except to receive medical attention)"
Inspector Sykes and Inspector Purdy were responsible for turnstiles A to G in sub-sector 8. It said that officers before the match were to "maintain order and ensure orderly queues are formed".
A plan before the match said officers at turnstiles 1 to 8 would also maintain order. The same officers were then to move into the central tunnel to teh Leppings Lane terraces.